Toward systematic design of fault-tolerant systems

After 30 years of study and practice in fault tolerance, high-confidence computing remains a costly privilege of several critical applications. It is time to explore ways to deliver high-confidence computing to all users. The speed of computing will ultimately be limited by the laws of physics, but the demand for affordable high-confidence computing will continue as long as people use computers to enhance the quality of their lives. Eventually, one enterprising chip builder will deliver the first fault-tolerant microprocessor at a competitive price, and soon thereafter fault tolerance will be considered as indispensable to computers as immunity is to humans. The remaining manufacturers will follow suit or go the way of the dinosaurs. Once again, Darwin will be proven right.