Single-electronics - how it works. How it's used. How it's simulated

How it works: a short and simple introduction to the underlying physics of single electronics is given. Relevant energies, charging, tunneling and Coulomb blockade are explained with simple concepts and analogies. How it is used: an overview of possible applications is given. A focus is placed on the most promising ones such as memories and applications in metrology. The author also mentions open challenges such as random background charge fluctuations and manufacturing methods. How it is simulated: three simulation methods, Monte Carlo, Master Equation and Spice macro-models, are introduced and compared. The author touches on appropriate random number generators, variance reducing methods and make comparison to measurements.