A 1.25-GHz Fully Integrated DC–DC Converter Using Electromagnetically Coupled Class-D LC Oscillators

Fully integrated power management circuits are promising candidates to provide small form factors and meet high power density demand of modern computing platforms. This article presents a new fully integrated dc–dc converter topology based on electromagnetically coupled class-D
LC
oscillators that enables up to 2.5 GHz switching frequency, allowing aggressive scaling of the on-chip passives. On-chip transformers and flying capacitors are designed to electromagnetically couple the two oscillators, and gigahertz-range switching frequency is achieved by the quasi-adiabatic switching of the parasitic capacitors. The proposed converter is implemented in a 0.18-
$\mu \text{m}$
CMOS process occupying 1.61 mm
²
for 7.8 nH inductance (high efficiency version) and 0.37 mm
²
for 3.1 nH (high power density version), achieving 1 W/mm
²
peak power density. This work also proposes a duty-cycling scheme that improves the efficiency under light loads, which stays close to the peak from
$4~\mu \text{W}$
up to 0.5 W, and in continuous operation mode the output voltage ripple is 12 mV without attaching any output capacitor thanks to the four-phase electromagnetic power delivery scheme.