Level shifters for high-speed 1 V to 3.3 V interfaces in a 0.13 /spl mu/m Cu-interconnection/low-k CMOS technology

Level shifters for 1.0 V to 3.3 V high-speed interfaces are proposed. Level-up shifter uses zero-Vt 3.3 V NMOSs as voltage clamps to protect 1.0 V NMOS switches from high voltage stress across the gate oxide. Level-down shifter uses 3.3 V NMOSs as both pull-up and pull-down devices with supply voltage of 1.0 V and gate voltage swing from 0 V to 3.3 V. The zero-Vt NMOS is a standard MOSFET device in a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS process without adding extra mask or process step to realize it. Level-up transition from 0.9 V to 3.6 V takes only 1 ns in time, and the level-down transition has no minimum core voltage limitation. These circuits do not consume static DC power, therefore they are very suitable for low-power and high-speed interfaces in the deep sub-quarter-micron CMOS technologies.