Effect of Bispectrum on Radar Backscattering From Non-Gaussian Sea Surface

The upwind-downwind asymmetry in normalized radar backscattering cross section (NRBCS) from ocean surface is well known; one acceptable and convincing reasoning is explained by the fact that the surface height distribution deviates from Gaussian one, which causes a nonzero skewness function, and consequently affects the radar cross section in up and down wind directions. Specific forms of skewness function, in between Gaussian and exponential, have been proposed in previous studies to account for the upwind/downwind asymmetry in radar backscatter. Attempt is made, through numerical simulation, in this article to examine the impact of these two types of skewness functions on NRBCS. The simulated NBRCSs, with and without skewness contributions, are compared with measured data in upwind and downwind directions at L-, C-, and Ku-bands for different wind speeds. The results indicate that the Gaussian-type skewness function works better to account for the upwind/downwind asymmetry of NBRCS by choosing an appropriate root mean square (RMS) height appearing in skewness function and as the wind speed or radar frequency increases, the RMS height increases but regardless of wind direction and radar incidence angle.