Wind retrieval over the ocean using synthetic aperture radar with C-band HH polarization

The high spatial resolution and large coverage of satellite-based synthetic aperture radars (SAR) offers a unique opportunity to derive mesoscale wind fields over the ocean surface, providing high resolution wind fields near the shore. For this purpose, algorithms were developed and tested using the ScanSAR aboard the Canadian satellite RADARSAT-1, operating at C-band with horizontal polarization in transmit and receive. Wind directions are extracted from wind-induced streaks visible on most SAR images. Wind speeds are derived from normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) using empirical models. The models were developed for scatterometers (SCAT) operating at C-band with vertical polarization and must be modified for horizontal polarization. Several available C-band polarization ratios were considered, including theoretical and empirical forms. To verify and improve the algorithm, wind speeds were computed from several RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR images and compared to colocated measurements from the SCAT aboard the European remote sensing satellite ERS-2 and to the results of the Danish high resolution limited area model (HIRLAM). Using the colocated measurements, the polarization ratio was estimated and applied to improve the wind retrieval algorithm. In addition, the main error sources in SAR wind field extraction are discussed with respect to the RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR data. Sensitivity studies were performed under different atmospheric situations using the modified C-band model to compute the errors due to wind direction and inaccuracies in NRCS.