A Shadowing Mitigation Approach for Sea State Parameters Estimation Using X-Band Remotely Sensing Radar Data in Coastal Areas

A novel procedure based on filtering and interpolation approaches is proposed to estimate the sea state parameters, including significant wave height, peak wave direction, peak period, peak wavenumber, and peak wavelength in shallow waters using the X-band marine radars. The method compensates the distortions introduced by the radar acquisition process and the power decay of the radar signal along the distance applying image-enhancement techniques instead of empirical and semiempirical calibration methods that use signal-to-noise ratio and in situ measurements as external references. To determine the threshold value for the interpolation approach, the influence of the antenna height on shadowing modulation effects is examined through performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) that uses data from two X-band radars deployed at 10 and 20 m above MSL. ANOVA results reveal that it is possible to explain the increment of intensities affected by shadowing throughout the distance using an adaptive threshold retrieved from a third-order polynomial function of the mean radar cross section (RCS). Finally, an X-band radar is installed at 13 m above MSL to test the proposed technique. During measurements, the wind and wave conditions varied, and the antenna-look direction remained constant. Errors for H
_s
, θ
_p
, and T
_p
calculated as the difference between estimated and true data show a mean bias and a relative value of 0.05 m (2.72%), 1.52° (5.94%), and 0.15 s (1.67%), respectively. The directional and wave energy spectra derived from radar estimates, acoustic wave and current, ADVs record, as well as JONSWAP formulation are presented to illustrate the improvement resulting from the proposed method over the frequency domain.