Development of microactuators for tactile graphic displays (State of the art and recent efforts)

An overview of the state of the art principles that can be used for actuators in high-resolution tactile graphic displays is presented. Existing actuators used in commercially available tactile displays (electromagnetic or piezoelectric) have several disadvantages, and are not suitable for high resolution graphic displays. The actuators based on some of the presented, non-conventional principles in this paper can be smaller, cheaper, and more reliable.