Closed-Loop Volt\/Var Optimization: Addressing Peak Load Reduction

Energy Management Systems (EMSs) were introduced in the vertically organized power industry five decades ago. After the restructuring of the power industry and the founding of the electricity market, four more-orless independent players appeared in this market-generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. This was a strong driver for the introduction of new tools to manage very complex distribution-consumption elements of power systems. The transfer of an EMS from the transmission to the distribution environment was not possible due to the different natures and operation criteria of these two types of grids. Therefore, developing distribution management systems (DMSs) proved to be necessary.