Optimal point planning for abundance estimation of polymetallic nodules

Seabed minerals in form of ferromanganese or polymetallic nodules (PMN) have been reported in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. The distribution of these PMN are influenced by several factors, such as the associated topographic undulations, surface chlorophyll levels, sediment type and thickness, and water depth. Traditionally, determination of the existence and the distribution of PMN involves a series of surveying and sampling operations carried out using geophysical techniques from ships, complemented by sampling devices such as benthic corers and near-bottom photography. However, given the vastness of the region in question, the Clarion Clipperton fracture zone (CCFZ), it is practically infeasible to survey the entire region for PMN distribution. This paper focuses on various strategies to choose optimal points for future exploration studies, so as to build maps that closely represent the spatial distribution of PMN in the region.