Design of optimized integrated optical phase modulators with graphene

Integrated optical phase modulators based on silicon waveguides with graphene are optimized through the design of the waveguide for operation with quasi-TE or quasi-TM modes using numerical simulations. Higher performance is achieved for quasi-TM mode operation with V
_π
L=0.5 V.mm and for the quasi-TE mode V
_π
L=0.9 V.mm, electro-optical bandwidths of up to 2.85 GHz is achieved.