Laser induced forward transfer of living ceils using femtosecond laser puises

Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) has been used in recent years for the rapid 3D-bioprinting of cells. Because of the high transfer rates and superior cell survival rates, this technique has great potential for tissue engineering applications. However, the fact that material from an inorganic sacrificial layer, which is required for energy absorption, is usually transferred to the printed target structure, constitutes a major drawback of LIFT based cell printing [1].