Laser printed graphene on polyimide electrodes for magnetohydrodynamic pumping of saline fluids

An efficient, scalable pumping device is reported that avoids moving parts and is fabricated with a cost-effective method. The magnetohydrodynamic pump has electrodes facilely made by laser printing of polyimide. The electrodes exhibit a low sheet resistance of 22.75 Ω/square. The pump is implemented in a channel of 240 mm
²
cross-section and has an electrode length of 5 mm. When powered by 7.3 V and 12.43 mA/cm
²
, it produces 13.02 mm/s flow velocity.