Grid integration scenarios for superconducting DC transmission systems

Superconducting dc systems present a promising alternative for power transmission. Advantages of dc transmission, such as enhanced controllability combined with the lossless characteristic of superconductivity result in an advantageous mixture, especially for bulk power transmission. This paper presents alternative concepts for integration of superconducting dc links within conventional ac or dc grids. Focus is given on how a superconducting dc link could coexist with conventional transmission systems in order its advantages to be exploited, while its operation is secured. Appropriate system configurations, cable models, advantages of superconducting transmission, such as reduction of transmission losses as well as modeling feasibility are analytically discussed. A selection of the grid integration scenarios is tested under both steady-state as well as fault conditions.