Energy measurements verification based on evaluation residues

There have been a number of studies relating to the measurements verification problem. Basically, this problem has been studied in the framework of the state estimation theory which is traditional for electricity science. The paper considers the possibility of implementing a posteriori methods for energy measurements verification. A posteriori methods are developed in the framework of the state estimation theory. A new approach referred to as the energy flow problem for the parameters of electric conditions calculation, using electrical energy measurements was discussed in previously published papers. First part of the paper presents the comparison of energy flow problem and traditional state estimation on basic criteria. The purpose of this paper is to prove the normalized residual ability to reveal bad data and weighted residues failure. Previously published papers showed high computing power of both weighted and normalized residues, using a simple four node circuit. The input power flows were adjusted according to the energy balances only. This paper considers a more complicated test scheme and different measurements sets. The results obtained demonstrate a posteriori analysis implementation. The calculations show the inability of weighted residues to detect bad measurements and high resolution of the normalized residuals analysis. The calculations were performed for a constant loads mode, a live load mode without/with reverse line flows.