Rapid 3D printing of complex polymeric tubular catalytic micromotors

In this work two different lithography-based techniques are evaluated for high-throughput and complex 3D polymeric micromotors fabrication: high-power LED writing and two-photon absorption 3D laser lithography. Simple and double bubble-propelled catalytic micromotors are produced to assess the best geometrical features, demonstrating the versatility of the methods hereby presented to obtain complex structures of great interest for advanced microrobotics. Different parameters associated with their structure, as its inner surface roughness, conical aperture, and length, are studied. These parameters are of key importance for the final effective motion, as they determine the O
₂
bubble nucleation and motion behavior along the micromotors trajectory.