Agent based bidding architecture in electricity markets for EVs as V2G and G2V

Due to the expected high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources in power grid, such as solar and wind, the issue of matching demand and supply would become more critical. In order to address the issue, this paper investigates the potential of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for the short term power imbalances in smart grid. This paper proposes a simple bidding algorithm for energy market for EV's participation in V2G and G2V. The key finding is the initial cost of the EV battery which could make EV as a market player for maintaining short term balances.