Novel structure and size-reduction-oriented design of microstrip compact rat-race coupler

In this paper, a novel structure of a miniaturized microstrip rat-race coupler has been proposed. Surrogate-based optimization procedures are applied to explicitly reduce the coupler size while maintaining equal power split at the operating frequency of 1 GHz and sufficient bandwidth for return loss and isolation characteristics. The optimization is performed using the objective function with four penalty components. The footprint of the optimized structure is only 350 mm
²
.