Two-dimensional diode equivalent circuit model for large-area Z-type transparent DSC module

A diode equivalent circuit and extended two-dimensional network circuit models were developed for a unit dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) and modules. Based on a P-spice simulation using the developed models, we designed and fabricated 300 × 300 mm Z-type transparent DSC modules for building integrated photovoltaic windows. The developed models demonstrated that the optimized cell designs and performance can depend heavily on solar-irradiation conditions. The developed circuit models exhibited good agreement with the operational behaviors of the fabricated modules under complex irradiation conditions, which will be very useful in developing high-performance transparent DSC modules.