Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Radio Links at VHF and UHF Bands: Challenges, the state of the art, and future trends below 1 GHz

An in-depth survey of wearable antennas for offbody radio links in the very high-frequency (VHF) and ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) bands (below 1 GHz) is presented. The review encompasses distinctive specifications, design criteria and challenges, material characterization procedures, antenna topologies and technologies, multiantenna systems, dedicated testing procedures, applications, and future trends.