How Does Code Obfuscation Impact Energy Usage?

Software piracy is an important concern for application developers. Such concerns are especially relevant in mobile application development, where piracy rates can approach 90%. The most commonly used approach by mobile developers for preventing piracy is code obfuscation. However, the decision to apply such transformations is currently made without regard to the impacts of obfuscations on another area of increasing concern for mobile application developers: energy consumption. Because both software piracy and battery life are important concerns, mobile application developers must strike a balance between protecting their applications and preserving the battery lives of their users' devices. To help them make such choices, we conducted an empirical study of the effects of 18 code obfuscations on the amount of energy consumed by executing a total of 15 usage scenarios spread across 11 Android applications. The results of the study indicate that, while obfuscations can have a statistically significant impact on energy usage and are significantly more likely to increase energy usage than to decrease energy usage, the magnitudes of such impacts are unlikely to impact mobile application users.