DC optimal power flow including HVDC grids

Many simulations in power systems analysis contain an AC grid which is solved using linearized power flow methods. This paper extends the known DC optimal power flow method for AC grids for use in combined AC and HVDC grids. Future studies would now incorporate in their simulations combined AC and HVDC grids. This paper describes the additions made to the algorithm and the influence of the soft penalties. The algorithm is tested in the IEEE 14 bus test case with a 5 node DC overlay grid. The accuracy compared to the full power flow model is in a reasonable range. The calculation performance is significantly increased.