Estimation of Arsenic Contamination in Reclaimed Agricultural Soils Using Reflectance Spectroscopy and ANFIS Model

Heavy metal contamination from anthropogenic sources is a threat to human health. To assess the feasibility of predicting surface soil arsenic (As) concentration from hyperspectral reflectance measurement, three different regression algorithms are compared in this paper, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modeling. Soil samples were taken from three study sites in mining/agricultural areas after reclamation. As concentration was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) analysis, and the reflectance was measured with an analytical spectral devices (ASD) field spectrometer covering the spectral region of 350–2500 nm. First, after preprocessing of the original reflectance spectroscopy, the correlation coefficients between the As concentration and spectral reflectance measurement were derived. Characteristic bands were then chosen for the quantitative retrieval model. Finally, all of the 30 samples were divided into a calibration set and a validation set of 18 and 12 samples, respectively. When compared with the MLR and PLSR algorithms, the ANFIS model was the best retrieval model, with a coefficient of determination (${\bf R}^{\bf 2}$ ) of 0.94 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.88. ANFIS model and reflectance spectroscopy therefore have the potential to map the spatial distribution of As abundance, with the aim of improving public health.