Electroluminescence color tuning by dye doping in organic light-emitting diodes

Doping a small amount of a fluorescent dye into an organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) can lead to significant changes in the color of luminescence and an improvement in the device properties (e.g,, quantum efficiency, lifetime, etc.). The process of energy transfer from the OLED material to the dye in these devices may involve several different processes, including carrier trapping as well as Forster and Dexter energy transfer reactions. The important parameters for each of these processes are discussed. The color purity and chromaticities of a wide range of different dye-doped OLED's are reviewed.