A 100-fps fluorescence lifetime imager in standard 0.13-µm CMOS

A wide-field fluorescence lifetime imager capable of up to 100 frames per second (fps) is presented. The imager consists of a 64-by-64 array of low-noise single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in a standard 0.13-μm CMOS process, 4096 time-to-digital converters, and an application specific data path to enable continuous image acquisition at a total output data rate of 42 Gbps. These features combine to enable new lifetime-based diagnostic imaging.