Second-order signal analysis on the direct-current amplitude-modulation of semiconductor lasers with effects of hot carriers and hot phonons

In this work, to characterise the effect of hot carriers, our theoretical model comprises rate equations of carrier-photon interaction including the energy-transfer processes among carriers, photons, and phonons in a semiconductor laser. We theoretically investigate the effect of hot carriers on the second-order harmonic distortion in semiconductor lasers. Compared to other theoretical models, our model comprises the degenerate carrier energy distribution and incorporates the effects of stimulated and nonstimulated (i.e., Auger) recombination heating. These are the major heating mechanisms in semiconductor lasers as well as the injection heating and free carrier absorption heating.