Analysis of a 5.5-V Class-D Stage Used in $+$ 30-dBm Outphasing RF PAs in 130- and 65-nm CMOS

This brief presents the design and analysis of a 5.5-V class-D stage used in two fully integrated watt-level, +32.0 and + 29.7 dBm, outphasing RF power amplifiers (PAs) in standard 130- and 65-nm CMOS technologies. The class-D stage utilizes a cascode configuration, driven by an ac-coupled low-voltage driver, to allow a 5.5-V supply in the 1.2-/2.5-V technologies without excessive device voltage stress. The rms electric fields (
E
) across the gate oxides and the optimal bias point, where the voltage stress is equally divided between the transistors, are computed. At the optimal bias point, the rms
E
, the power dissipation of the parasitic drain capacitance of the common-source transistors, and the equivalent on-resistances are reduced by approximately 25%, 50%, and 25%, compared to a conventional cascode (inverter) stage. To the authors' best knowledge, the class-D PAs presented are among the first fully integrated CMOS outphasing PAs reaching +30 dBm and demonstrate state-of-the-art output power and bandwidth.