Importance Sampling Analysis of PMD Outages in PDM-QPSK Coherent Nonlinear Transmissions

We numerically estimate, by the importance sampling technique, the polarization mode dispersion-induced outage probability in single-channel and hybrid wavelength division multiplexing 112-Gbit/s polarization division multiplexing-quadrature phase shift keying coherent nonlinear transmission systems without in-line dispersion management.