Power: Hardware and software for system protection: A survey of control techniques that minimize both the occurrence and the duration of blackouts

Since the 1978 Con Edison blackout in New York City there has been a growing awareness of the need for planning engineers to concern themselves not only with preventing such outages more effectively, but with reducing their duration. Mechanical controls that determine the behavior of steam turbines and generators must be considered in addition to electrical controls in the event of system faults.