Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PIEVs) aggregator as a source of energy storage

Because the owners of private vehicles use their spinning reserve (SR) market and presents a mathematical model for optimal charging and discharging of the PIEVs, based on driving patterns of the fleet The aggregator maximizes its profit in SR market subject to a number of technical and contractual constraints. The said problem is a nonlinear and mixed integer problem which is solved using simulated annealing (SA) algorithm.