An Optimized Cardiovascular Model: A Pattern Search Approach

An optimized model of the cardiovascular system (CVS) based on Luczak's first model, which was developed in 1975, is presented in this paper. This model is characterized by its ability to illustrate most of the interactions within the cardiovascular system. The proposed model consists of three main interacting modules: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and respiration (RS). The values of the proposed model's parameters, which are 22 parameters, were estimated using different identification techniques to select the best technique. The pattern search approach was selected as the best technique according to the calculated results and all the parameters values were re-calculated using this technique. Furthermore, the selected parameters were identified based on standard clinical data for subjects at rest using the parameter estimation toolbox (Pattern search method) within the environment of Matlab®. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to find the most essential parameters to be used in any further development of the model. The optimized parameters were found to improve the model estimated results for simulating subjects at rest, and can be exploited for simulating subjects experiencing physical stress.