Components for generating and phase locking 390-GHz signal in 45-nm CMOS

Components for generating and phase locking 390-GHz signal are demonstrated using low leakage transistors in 45-nm CMOS. An integrated chain of circuits composed of an 195-GHz oscillator with frequency doubled output at ∼390 GHz followed by two cascaded ÷2 injection locked frequency dividers with output frequency of ∼49 GHz is demonstrated. The peak power radiated at ∼390 GHz by an on-chip antenna is ∼2 µW. The oscillator and frequency divider consumes 21 and 6 mW, respectively.