Solid state methods of sonar calibration

In application to sonars and underwater transducers a variety of waterless 'solid state' calibration methods can be performed in continuous wave mode (CW). Multi-echo effects arising in such acoustical systems are negligibly small due to the large dynamic range of sonar. Systematic errors can be further eliminated by direct measurements in water. Having a test probe scanned or comprised of 1-3 composite it is possible to 'photoprint' the aperture function of multi-element, electrically shaded transducers to evaluate cross-coupling and predict sonar performance in the far field.