Combined IE-FDTD Algorithm for Long-Range Loran-C Ground-Wave Propagation

The integral equation (IE) method and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are combined for the prediction of long-range Loran-C ground-wave propagation. Being capable of modeling the topography details, the combined IE-FDTD algorithm has much better accuracy than the integral equation method. On the other hand, it saves computational resources dramatically as compared to a full FDTD solution. Measurement results along two paths between Xuancheng and Songshan China are used to validate the proposed algorithm.