Dynamic X-parameters: Behavioral modeling in the presence of long term memory effects

An original way is presented to model memory effects of RF and microwave components by extending the X-parameter model. The approach can be used to model hard nonlinear behavior and long term memory effects and is valid for all possible modulation formats, for all possible peak-to-average ratios and for a wide range of modulation bandwidths. The model works for pulsed signals as well as for two-tone and multitone signals. The model has been validated by measurements and is compatible with existing harmonic balance simulators.