Power flow modeling and analysis of voltage source converter-based plug-in electric vehicles

This paper presents a novel plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) model in a voltage controlled bus formulation, suitable to carry out efficient power flow studies of large vehicular fleets. The PEV model comprises a voltage source converter (VSC) and it is different from the family of PEV models based on a PQ bus with unity power factor concept. While active power is regulated at the storage device according to the charging and discharging status of battery, the voltage magnitude at the point of common coupling is regulated by the VSC. In addition, a comprehensive VSC-based PEV equivalent model that accurately reflects the behavior of a distributed vehicular fleet is proposed in this work to carry out efficient steady-state analyses. Consequently, power flow studies of electric power networks including large vehicular fleets can be performed with a low computational effort and without losing accuracy. A Tesla Roadster PEV including a lithium-ion battery pack and a single phase inverter is modeled with the proposal presented in this paper, considering both active and reactive power transfer conditions. The impact of a plug-in vehicular fleet in the voltage profile is analyzed for the IEEE 14-node test system.