Experimental validation of LMSS fading models for GPS measurements in fading/shadowing environment

In this paper existing Land mobile satellite system (LMSS) fading models are validated for received Global Positioning System (GPS) signal. The results of GPS measurement
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made in shadowing/fading environment are used for this analysis. The existing LMSS models considered in this paper are Bi-state fading model, Lutz et al. model, Karsawa et al. model, and Bart and Stutzman model. These models are used to fit the empirical data for probability density function and fade distribution. Furthermore, the relationships between the values of the fitted probability of shadowing parameter for the aforementioned channels and the corresponding satellite elevation angles are established.