Micro-to nano-biosensors and actuators integrated for responsive delivery of countermeasures

A fresh perspective of bio-inspired engineering is applied to emerging concepts, designs, applications in the area of responsive delivery of countermeasures. In particular, cutting edge, broad impact applications are examined, such as nanorobotics or integrated sensing-actuating functions down to nano-scale. These can be used towards the recognitive release of therapeutic agents. The ideas and concepts expressed are fertilized with a biomimetic twist, thereby leveraging nature's million years of sustainable evolution. Moreover, a radically new look is emphasized: of the hierarchically multi-level integrated self-healed biosystems that shall emulate positive revolutionary changes for the future bio-inspired, smart therapies with personalized, design.