Effect of internal force on rotational stiffness of a bicycle handle

We study the effect of the internal force between human arms and a bicycle handle on the rotational stiffness of the handle. Through numerical and experimental results, it is revealed that the stiffness from the internal force is significantly large in comparison with the stiffness of human arms. Moreover, the effective way to generate rotational stiffness of a bicycle handle by using internal force is proposed in this paper.