A review of content-based image retrieval

A comprehensive survey on patch recognition, which is a crucial part of content-based image retrieval (CBIR), is presented. CBIR can be viewed as a methodology in which three correlated modules including patch sampling, characterizing, and recognizing are employed. This paper aims to evaluate meaningful models for one of the most challenging problems in image understanding, specifically, for the effective and efficient mapping between image visual features and high-level semantic concepts. To achieve this, the latest classification, clustering, and interactive methods have been meticulously discussed. Finally, several recommendations for future research issues have been suggested based on the weaknesses of recent technologies.