Persistent issues in the application of virtual environment systems to training

The flexible constellation of technologies that comprise virtual environment (VE) systems provide many new opportunities for training. However, the lessons learned from decades of research in flight and driving simulation seem largely forgotten. This review recalls a set of long-term issues that will constrain the application of VE systems to training. In particular, the issues of cost effectiveness, interface usability, transfer of training, transfer theory, and training feedback are addressed. Training and research decisions that do not consider these issues are likely to result in programs and recommendations that do little to efficiently improve skills and knowledge.