Progress in Simulator-Based Tuning—The Art of Tuning Space Mapping [Application Notes]

We discuss tuning space mapping (port-tuning) techniques that can significantly reduce time and effort for design closure. We elaborate on various possible approaches. We distinguish between Type 1 and Type 0 embedding to indicate how tuning elements may be introduced into EM simulations to form suitable tuning models or surrogates. We optimize and update such surrogates iteratively to predict good EM designs. We illustrate the techniques using a simple bandstop filter and demonstrate their power using more complex filter design examples. Finally, we discuss from a physics point of view the possible locations of cuts, the effects of the cutting and reconnection, and we compare models that employ internal cuts with models that consider combinations of submodels.