A 45nm WCDMA transmitter using direct quadrature voltage modulator with high oversampling digital front-end

A 45 nm WCDMA transmitter using a direct quadrature voltage modulator with high oversampling digital front-end is described. The highly digitized transmitter realizes modulation in the voltage domain. Delivering 1 dBm WCDMA output power, the transmitter achieves -158 dBc/Hz noise and 2% EVM, while consuming 30 mW including the digital front-end.