CMOS floating-point unit for the S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server G4

The S/390® floating-point unit (FPU) on the fourth-generation (G4) CMOS microprocessor chip has been implemented in a CMOS technology with a 0.20-µm effective channel length and has been demonstrated at more than 400 MHz. The microprocessor chip is 17.35 by 17.30 mm in size, and one copy of the FPU including the dataflow and control flow but not including the FPR register file is 5.3 by 4.7 mm in size. There are two copies on the chip for error-detection purposes only; both copies execute the same instruction stream and are checked against each other. The high-performance implementation has a throughput of one instruction per cycle and an average latency of three execution cycles, yielding approximately 70 MFLOPS at 300 MHz on the Linpack benchmark. Currently, the G4 FPU is the highest-performance S/390 CMOS FPU with fault tolerance. It uses several innovative and high-performance algorithms not commonly found in S/390 FPUs or other FPUs, such as a radix-8 Booth multiplier, a Goldschmidt division and square-root algorithm, techniques for updating the exponent in parallel with normalization, and avoidance of the remainder comparison in quadratically converging division and square-root algorithms. Also demonstrated is a practical design technique for designing control flow into the dataflow and early floorplanning techniques.