Comparative analysis of phase difference estimation methods quantifying asynchronies between compartmental chest wall volume signals

Asynchronous breathing movements may be observed in the presence of pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was undertaken in an attempt to propose a reliable methodology to quantify this asynchrony. Five methods for estimating phase differences between two signals, based on the phase angle of the Fourier Transform (PhD
FT
), paradoxical motion (PhD
PM
), the Lissajous figure (PhD
LF
), maximal linear correlation (PhD
P
) and least-squares filtering (PhD
LS
), were compared. Frequency-modulated signals, simulating compartmental chest wall volumes, were used to evaluate the methods. Breathing asynchrony was quantified in two ways; by estimating (a) a single PhD value for the entire recording and (b) time-varying PhDs, representing non-stationarities of human breathing. PhD
PM
and PhD
LF
had the lowest average errors (4%), and PhD
LS
had a slightly higher error. PhD
FT
had zero error when estimating a single PhD value but a considerable error when estimating time-varying PhDs. PhD
P
presented the highest errors in all cases. An application of this methodology is proposed in real compartmental chest wall volume signals of normal and COPD subjects. Preliminary results indicate that the methodology is promising in quantifying differences in asynchronous breathing between thoracic volumes of COPD patients and healthy controls.