Evaluation of Cardiovascular Stents as Antennas for Implantable Wireless Applications

In this study, we explore the use of stents as radiating structures to support transcutaneous wireless telemetry for data transfer of internal measurements from within the circulatory system. The implant location is chosen for the specific application of heart failure detection by monitoring internal pressure measurements of the pulmonary artery. The radiative properties of the single stent are quantified in free space within an anechoic chamber and compared with measurements taken while implanted in a live porcine subject. The
in vivo
studies of our 2.4-GHz stent-based transmitter, implanted at a depth of 3.5 cm within the chest, showed a 32-35-dB power reduction at a receive distance of 10 cm for both co- and cross-polarizations. The approximate far-field
H
-plane antenna pattern is quantified at a distance of 50 cm both in free space within an anechoic chamber and while implanted within a porcine chest. These results are used to explore the accuracy of a high-fidelity simulation model developed using Ansoft's High Frequency Structural Simulator and components of their Human Body Model to provide a model that is validated with empirical data. This study provides insight into the effects of tissue on high-frequency electromagnetic transcutaneous transmission and develops a high-fidelity model that can be used for further design and optimization.