Incorporating Agent Negotiation into Adaptive Learning Environment to Balance the Perspectives between Learners and Instructors

This paper integrates the concept of agent negotiation into adaptive learning to support effective learner-instructor interaction. It intends to capture the interactions that are real between learner and instructor, but often simplified or even ignored in most adaptive learning approaches. An iterative negotiation protocol is employed to reconcile mutual thinking and cognitive differences between learner and instructor and then to dynamically produce the most appropriate learning sequences. To delineate the proposed framework, an example relevant to Java programming course is provided to illustrate how the adaptive learning environment with negotiation mechanism can improve the effectiveness of learning.