An application for line elements embedded in a 2D or 3D finite element mesh

Objects with poor aspect ratios are difficult to model with 2D or 3D finite elements because they require a very fine, dense mesh which leads to large coefficient matrices. One-dimensional line elements embedded in a 2D or 3D grid would mitigate this problem. Embedded line elements are economical and, if used properly, yield good solutions to electrostatic problems. The paper demonstrates their utility with a practical electrostatic application.