FDTD-PWS Scheme and Its Application to Analysis of Focusing Properties of Dielectric Lens

The focusing properties of lens are studied by a hybrid scheme that involves the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the aperture-plane field computation and the plane wave spectrum (PWS) method for the transformation from the aperture-plane field to the focal-plane field. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this new scheme, a Ka-band lens antenna is simulated and fabricated as an example. Subsequently, the near-field-region and the Fresnel-region fields of this lens antenna are measured by the planar-near-field (PNF) method. It is found that the results obtained by the FDTD-PWS scheme are in good agreement with the measured data. Furthermore, the numerical results and the computational requirements of this new scheme are compared with those of the near-field to near-field (NF-NF) transformation, the aperture integration (AI) method, the geometrical optics (GO)-physical optics (PO) method, and the full FDTD simulation. Both the central processing unit (CPU) time and memory requirement can be reduced efficiently. Finally, the effects of several fundamental issues, including spatial sample parameters, lens material, operating frequency, and designed focal length, on the accuracy of the proposed scheme and on the focusing properties of the lens are investigated.