Forward and Backward Photoemission Yields from Metals at Various X-Ray Angles of Incidence

X-ray generated photoemission from thin metal foils backed by graphite was measured with radiation incident from the front and back sides at several angles. Irradiation was provided by a 100-kV x-ray tube with three different filters to harden the spectrum. The total 2 π photoelectron emission current from a surface was measured; a biased grid retarded the low-energy secondary electrons, which added only 10-30% to the current at zero grid bias. Investigated metals were: Mg, Al, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, Au, and Pb; also the total emission from just the graphite support was measured. The front-to-back ratio of emission currents at normal incidence ranged from about 1.9 for Al and Mg down to about 1.1 for Ta. The photoelectron yield was found to be Ge μa Se electrons/photon, where μa and Se are the energy-dependent photon absorption cross section and computed electron mean path length in the emitter, and Ge is a constant assumed independent of photon energy in the range studied (but does depend on radiation angle of incidence). For the photon energy range of 20-70 keV, the measured emission current densities corresponded to the following average values for Ge: 0.37 ± 0.06 for C, 0.30 ± 0.03 for Al, 0.21 ± 0.02 for Cu and Ag, and 0.18 ± 0.02 for Ta.